Among the worms there are a large amount (more than 260 species) of parasitic forms that belong to the subtypes flatter and round worms.The parasitic worms have long been known for the scientific term helminthen.In this regard, the branch of parasitology, which she studies, was referred to as helminthology.With the term "helminthen", the word "worms", which descends from the Latin root, fall together in the meaning, which means "slippery".
Representatives of pathogens of parasitic diseases belong to the realm of animals.You parasitize other living things (plants, mushrooms, animals), and therefore science has arisen on the examination of all parasitic organisms.This is a general parasitology, and the helminthology has already been differentiated from this, i.e. a science that examines diseases caused by parasitic worms.
The owner must be required for the development of parasitic worms, ie the creature, the body of which is a constant or temporary habitat of the parasite and at the same time serves as a source of his diet.The owners of the parasites are divided into intermediate products (in them the helminth passes the larval stages) and the final (in them and only in them helps are sexually ripe, invasive).
Not a single organ and no tissue of a single person is safe before the possibility of invasion by one or the other helminthen, but this is the time when the parasites are already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminest properties, namely:
- For example, in such an old helminth as an ascaride, it is necessary to take the effect of its anti -cymes - antipepsin and antipins that violate the digestive process.The fleeting substances contained in the inner liquid cause various toxic-allergic reactions: urticaria, bronchospasm and cramps, tears and headaches;
- Stage of development (eggs, larva, change in the owners);
- Sexual reproduction in which the exchange of genetic information occurs, and this is the highest stage of development, which leads to an increase in the heterogeneous population, ie they become less vulnerable and achieved.It is more difficult to “achieve” for them;
- A great duration of individual life (years and sometimes just like the owner of the parasite, and this means the chronic course of the helminthia);
- The Ability to Suppress or Modify the Host’s Immune Response, that is, SOONER OR LATE, A State Of Functional Immunodeficience Arises, and This is Extremely undesirable, Beast ALMOST IDEAL Conditions for the Penetration of Any Weealthy Pathenic Agents Are Created, As Well as The ConditionsFor the “Termination” of Endogenous Foci of Infection, IF ANY PREVIOUSLY THE WERE (which, unfertunately, Often Happens) and Often) and Often) and Often) and Often) and Often) and often) "Draza" by the Hoch -Level -Immune system;
- The presence of one or the other helminth in the immune response is weak and unstable, which means that there are practically no methods of immunoprophylaxy;
- the widest distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- The ability of eggs to exist for a long time in the external environment (years).
These properties enable one or the other type to survive under apparently "inhumane conditions".
The incidence of helminthiasis in the world is extremely high: of almost 6 billion people who now live on the planet, 4 billion is hit by one or the other type of helminthosis, and given the fact that many of them are "carriers" of several parasites at once, the picture becomes even more impressive.
The body's reaction
A person with his strong series of compensatory adaptive reactions, the immune system, various non -specific protective barriers and the helminths can only react to their presence, although sometimes the almost asymptomatic course of helminthiasis is specified.However, this is extremely rare, and mostly the following can be identified:
- Various poisonous allergic reactions, often skin.If the cause of such reactions remains unhappy and clinical manifestations take place, a thorough examination for the presence of a helminthian invasion is required.
- Neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by a helminthic invasion in which constantly toxic substances have entered the blood and maintain a certain level of toxin, which leads to irritability, emotional instability, "unmotivated" outbreaks of anger, loss of concentration, endurance, quick tiredness and sleep disorder.The growing general weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that he "had no strength to shake a friend at a meeting";
- Dyspeptic syndrome: different, from short -lived to symptoms, including symptoms or abdominal pain, often rare localization and intensity, rumbling and bloating and a feeling of bursting in the stomach;And a change in the appetite in the direction of increase (one of the reasons for the unalterprotion of the doctor is "good appetite, this means that I am healthy") and a significant withdrawal of the appetite up to anorexia.This is a stool disorder from constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of a multifactorial deep dysbiosis;
- Many helminths feed on the blood of the owner, hemophages, vitamin B12 and disrupt the process of absorbing an anti -themic substance in the small intestine, damage the intestinal mucos often and flat, but in a large area.All of this leads to chronic blood loss and in some cases to the development of anemia (anemia).Here it is necessary to take into account the inhibitory effect of toxins on the hematopoetic organs, which is also important for the development of anemia.At HELMINTHIAS, an increased content of eosinophils is often determined (leukocyte cells that are actively involved in allergic reactions);
- The presence of a helminthic invasion that is subject to the development of anemia, especially in children, can lead to growth delay and physical underdevelopment, possibly even with increased appetite.
- In children, various toxico-allergic reactions are often observed after the race.
- Helmintros often provoke a worsening of chronic diseases, while the place of the helminth and the place of the interested body can be completely different in the body in the body.
- Sometimes it is generally not very often, and maybe the principle is triggered here that "it is not profitable for a parasite to destroy your victim to the end, otherwise it is not parasitically, lost overnight and protection and food", but the conditions that are incompatible with the life of the owner.For example with echinococcosis of the liver, Finnosis of the brain.It should be noted that even the pathogenicity of helminths fluctuates strongly depending on the object of parasitism.For example, Echinocok is extremely dangerous for one person, and cattle live safely with organs for many years that are germinated with oneococcal bubbles that reach a mass of several kilograms.
Characterization of parasitic worms
Helminthen in the human body do not multiply with the exception of species such as cutter, dwarf tapen.Helmint enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.A direct infection of people affected by helminths does not occur, except for those who are cantigyes (gimonocepidose, deorobiosis).
The infection by other helminthias takes place either through the floor (dirty hands - intestinal - ascaridose) or when the skin is contacted with the soil (string gyloidosis) or water (shistosomosis) or when eating (shadowarnichose, dipyllobotrise).
In the body, helminths live in various organs and tissues: in the intestine - ascarides, plug -in needles, tapeworms, adhesive tape;In the liver - Echinococci, opistorchi;in the muscles - Trichinella;In the lungs - paragonimus, in blood - Philles, Schistosomen.
Olistorchus film film
The infection of humans or animals occurs when eating raw or dried fish: YA, Roach, Break.A bicondelog parasitates in the liver and in the intestine of a person, a dog, and cats.Changes in the liver are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, the formation of gallstones, cirrhosis.For the purpose of prevention, it is not recommended to eat raw or chilled fish.
Lungbicarry Paragoninus Westermani
These biconds live in pairs in the lungs, in cysts that are formed on the smallest bronchi.The owners are a man, a cat, a dog, a pig.
Infections occur when eating raw crabs or cancer.A bicondelog penetrates into the abdominal cavity and then through the diaphragm into the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a stubborn cough, especially in the morning with the output of Sputum rusty color, possibly with an addiction of blood.If the metastasis of eggs or parasites itself, the liver, the spleen, the brain are affected.With damage to the brain of the clinic, the location of the parasite (concrete syndrome, paralysis, seizures) depends.
For preventive purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw crabs and crabs.
Another class includes flat worms - these are adhesive tape worms, which in turn are divided into adhesive tape and chain units.
The tapeworms in the overlapping state are residents of the intestinal vertebrates.
In addition to similar characteristics that live the strip worms, there are also significant differences between adhesive tape and tapeworms.This is particularly important in the diagnostic plan if it is necessary to identify parasites.
In the ligaments, HELMINT - a wide ribbon (Difillobotrium Latum) is released, which refers to a disease called diphyllobotriosis.The tape is wide - a huge helminth that reaches a length of 15 m.It is a slaughter parasite that lives in the small intestine of a person, dogs, cats.
One person is infected if they eat insufficiently fried or poorly salted fish (river - ruff, perch, burbot; see - trout, grayling) with living larvae.Infections often occur through fresh, so -called lively pike caviar.Some lovers push caviar out of the stomach directly into the mouth, and the larvae can work, which causes an infection.
In the clinical picture of Diphyllobotria, dyspeptic disorders prevail: complaints and pain in the abdomen of unstable localization, rumbling, nausea, sometimes vomiting, changing the appetite, unstable chair.Anemia (anemia) develops often, especially with a long course of the disease.In dipillolobotriosis, one of the main causes of anemia is a vitamin B12 shortage.
Helmint takes vitamin B12 and other nutrients away and eagerly sucks them with the entire surface of his body, which, like the key to the lock, approaches the gel from the intestine and thus increases the suction surface.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative forms, including macrocytes and megaloblasts.This shows that changes still occur with a latent course of invasion, which in the future to appear malignant anemia with a wax pallor of the face, skin, the sharp weakness, the tachycardia.
When diagnosing diphyllobotrisis, the clinical image of the disease does not always allow the correct diagnosis, so the method of Coprovoscopy is of great importance with which you can prove the eggs of a broad volume in the Kots, which are released 3 weeks after the infection.
Eggs come out with the dog's feces and adhere to their wool.They can be listed and swallowed in the mouth of a person and then eat the infected dog and then take food with unwashed hands.The same can happen with the kisses of a dog.In the northern countries in which dogs are the closest domestic animal for humans, echinococcosis is widespread in humans.
The clinic of echinococcosis is characterized by painful pain in the right hypochondrium, with a tumor formation with a smooth round surface and when breathing is determined with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there may be a vibration of cysts or cysts, a breakthrough in the biliary tract, accompanied by sharp pain, jaundice, in advanced cases in the liver, several abscesses can form, which leads to deaths.
With echinococcitis of the lungs, individual cysts prevail, which are more common in the lower part of the right lungs.In the early stages, the disease is often diagnosed with an X beam examination of the breast.Cough, hemoptysis, chest pain appear over time.It is noted that the growth of Echinococcus cysts in the lung of the growth rate of malignant tumors is often not inferior.When diagnosing echinococcosis, the methods of choice are: radiological, ultrasound examinations, tomography, scanning, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene in storing dogs and maintaining them.Make sure to wash your hands after contact with the dog.Avoid dogs of the food of a person and his dishes;Limit the direct contact of children and dogs.Hiking dogs can be caught everywhere.
The sanitary education of the population is essential.
Dwarf chain - Hymenolepis nana
The disease it causes is called hymenolipidosis.The dwarf tapen is negligible in size for a wide ribbon and reaches a length of only 1 to 4 cm.
It is noteworthy that the development of the dwarf worm occurs in an owner in which the larvae level passes from the start and then becomes sexually ripe.In this case, a person is both an intermediate and a final master.
The main living space of the tapeworm is the ileum and usually parasitizes many people (there are cases in which about one and a half a thousand copies are found in the patient).
In the clinical picture, abdominal pain, weight loss, unstable chairs, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, cramps, epileptic seizures)
The diagnosis is confirmed when the eggs of the dwarf worm are confirmed in the feces and the release of eggs is often discontinuous, so it is recommended to carry out a study 2-3 times a month.
Prevention: Dwarf stitch mainly parasitically examines all children and employees for the presence of this helminthical invasion in the childhood facility, which is why the childhood facility was discovered.This also applies to family members.
Widespread non -dimeaosis is such a helminthian invasion as Ascariasis
The causal agent is a human circular worms.The old Russian name of the Ascarids is a string.The figurative popular language with this name, which descends from the word "string", characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the helminthine body.Human infection occurs when mature, invasive eggs with soil particles when they eat badly washed vegetables and berries, infected fruits, sometimes when drinking water from open reservoirs.
Askarides refers to "restless" helminths, their activity and mobility is a common cause of atypical localization.They can be introduced in appendix, which causes the development of acute appendicitis.In the channels of the liver and pancreas with the development of fever, liver colic, abscesses, jaundice, in advanced cases - to break the liver;The trachey can reach the upper airway and provoke nose passages and even in Eustachian pipes.The intestinal engineering caused by a tube of the ASCARID or due to the reflex cramp of the intestine is not excluded even in the presence of individual parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in feces, but it must be taken into account that ascaroid eggs are not present in intestinal movements in the presence of immature or old women in the intestine and in the case of parasitization of some men who are observed in 3.5 % of cases.Prevention: vegetables and fruit before eating should be washed thoroughly and distributed with boiling water.It is not recommended not to drink water water.
Another type of nematodosis is enterobiosis.This disease is caused by Vermicularis.
In addition to severe skin itching in the perianal region, irritation and combs lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Perhaps the penetration of needleworms and larvae into the urogenital paths, vagina in women.Functional changes in the intestine are characteristic: pain in the right Iliac region, diarrhea, reduced appetite and diseases of the nervous system with headache, poor sleep, irritability and performance acceptance.
When diagnosing enterobiosis, the fact that patients themselves often notice the release of pinworms.The pen in the intestine does not lay eggs, so they are extremely rare in the intestinal movements.The most important diagnostic method is the perianal scraper in various modifications, the "Sticky Tape" method.
To prevent enterobiosis, children have to wean to nibble their fingers, suck and lick their fingers.The nails should be cut briefly and follow their purity.It is necessary to place the room with wet cleaning and ventilation.Chairs, floor toilets and night pots are poured with boiling water.
The main treatment methods
- Pumpkin
- Male extract, pumpkin seeds, dichlorofen
- walnut
- St. John's Wurt is perforated
- Devyasil is big
- 1 tl.Dry rhizomes with crusts consist of 8 hours in 1 glass of cooled water, waiver.Take 1/4 cups 20 minutes before meals 4 times a day.
- Cook 20 g of rhizome with roots in 1 glass of water, pass for 4 hours.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- carrot
- Grate several root cultures on a tire or through a meat loop.Press the juice.Fresh juice with the taste of honey or sugar before using mix with honey or sugar.Take 1 tablespoon.l.Twice in the morning in an empty stomach and 1-1-1.5 hours before meals in the evening.
- 3 el.l.Cook the grated carrots in 1 glass of milk.Take carrot sludge for 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day before meals.
- Sagebrush
- Tanzsy
- Mary is anti -clad
- Birch is wart
- 1 tl.Birch buds exist for 1 hour in 1/2 cup of boiling water, load.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the entire portion a day in 3 cans.
- Cook 5 g of birch buds in 1 glass of water for 15 minutes, pass for 1 hour.Take 15-20 drops of water 2-3 times a day.
- daisy
- Dandelion medicine
- 1 tl.The roots and herbs of the dandelion are infused for 1 hour in 1 glass of boiling water and overturning.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day before meals.
- Powder from dandelion roots (take a dose to the top of a knife) with water 1/2 hours a day before meals.
- mistletoe
- 1 tl.The omela insisted in 1 glass of cold -cooked water.Take 1/3 cup three times a day.
- Cooking 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup three times a day.
- Walnut hazel
- The garlic is sown
- Siberian larch
- Male fern
- Timyan usually (garden thyme)
- pumpkin
- pomegranate
The mechanism of action: changes the motor activity of the parasite, which causes relaxation and then the muscle contracture.At the same time, the helminth is excluded due to the retreat waves.
Application and dose method
Inside.They are mainly used in the presence of contraindications to use male fernextract.2 days before the treatment, a cleaning input is prescribed every day in the morning and a salt layer on the eve of the evening.On the day of treatment, on an empty stomach, they laid an enema regardless of the presence of a chair.
Application and dose method
Inside, children's 0.25-0.5 g, adult 1.0-1.5 g;Once a day.Perform 5-7 daily treatment courses with an interval of 7 days.A month later, an anti -Seven day of treatment is prescribed.
Application method
3 tl.Dry leaves exist in 2 cups of boiling water for 20-30 minutes.Drink warm in several tricks like tea.
Application method
10 g of dry St. John's Wurt Gras Brew in 1 glass of boiling water.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day after meals.
Application method
Application method
In medical practice, dried warm -up papers are used.They are grated in a mortar and recorded in a mixture with sugar, jam, honey, 5 g "citvar-seeds" (for adults) for 2 days a day before meals.After the last reception at night, a laxative is prescribed.
Page phenomena for an overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, suppression of breathing and cardiac activity.
Basically, it is used due to toxicity in adults and not in children.The centers and the essential oil work against nematodes, especially for ascaridosis and enrobiosis.For this purpose, dried flowers can be taken in the form of a powder in the form of an infusion (1:10) and in fineemen from the extract of top.And 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and enterobiosis).
Application method
1 tl.The dry top of the Marie -anti -Glass and the fruits exist 2 cups of boiling water.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
The wear and tear of the kidneys has an anthelmin effect in round worms.
Application method
A decoction is used to drive out small worms.
Application method
2 TSP.Consist herbs with flower baskets from Niva in 1 glass of boiling water for 4 hours.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3-4 times a day.Use stronger infusion for washing and lotion.
All parts of the plant have an anhelminic effect.
Application method
Omel has an anthelmine action (on round worms).
Application method
Walnut oil is taken as an anthel mutal agent for Ascarid.
A warm garlic gauching is used for Anthelmintic -Feins.At pen worms, a piece of garlic onion is inserted into the anus, which kills parasites.
A turpentine is received by Larch.In folk medicine, turpentine is used as a remedy for tapeworms.
Rhizomes have a very effective effect against tapeworms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts on tapeworms and paralyzes its muscles.
Cleaned seeds with a gray -green skin that is lost with water and mixed are used up against tapeworms (tapeworm).
Application method
Pumpkin seeds absorb an empty stomach;Dose for adults - 150-200 g, children - 50-100 g.
Adults have a decoction of 500 g clumsy seeds, children 10 years old 300.0 g, 5-7 years old of 200.0 g, up to 5 years of 100-150.0.0 g.
The consistent purpose of pumpkin seeds in a conventional dose and fernex tract in small doses (adults 2.5 to 3.0 g, children according to age) increases the effectiveness of the treatment.Farnextrakt is prescribed one hour after taking pumpkin seeds, and after taking the fernex tract, it is stated.
The bark of the roots and branches of the grenade has a strong paralyzing effect on tapeworms.
Application method
1 tl.Cook the leathery perisherence (peel) of fruits or pomegranate blossoms in 1 glass of water, exist for 2 hours.Take 1 tablespoon.l.3 times a day before meals.
It is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible.